{"id":14215,"date":"2026-01-11T16:13:46","date_gmt":"2026-01-11T15:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/?page_id=14215"},"modified":"2026-08-22T18:08:53","modified_gmt":"2026-08-22T16:08:53","slug":"qes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/en\/qes\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantum Entropy Source"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scope<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Quantum Entropy Source (QES)<\/strong> project explores the generation, measurement, and dissemination of high-quality physical entropy derived from fundamentally unpredictable physical processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At its core, the project focuses on <strong>quantifiable entropy<\/strong>, not merely random-looking numbers. The system continuously measures physical events, estimates entropy in real time, applies cryptographically sound conditioning, and exposes both entropy products and health metrics transparently via live dashboards and APIs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The long-term goal is to provide a <strong>reliable, auditable, and openly observable entropy source<\/strong> suitable for research, experimentation, and integration into distributed systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Theory (High-Level)<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this project, <em>entropy<\/em> is used in the <strong>information-theoretic and cryptographic sense<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Entropy is a quantitative measure of the unpredictability of a physical process.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The system derives entropy from the <strong>timing uncertainty of radioactive decay events<\/strong>, a process governed by quantum mechanics and widely accepted as fundamentally unpredictable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cryptographic conditioning (e.g. SHA-256) is used to produce uniform output without increasing entropy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Entropy resides in the <strong>physical process<\/strong>, not in the output bits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Output bitstreams <strong>carry entropy only if extraction is done correctly<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Entropy is quantified conservatively using <strong>min-entropy bounds<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">System Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Physical Entropy Source<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Naturally occurring radioactive material embedded in ceramic matrix<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decay events detected using Geiger-M\u00fcller tubes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>High-resolution hardware timers capture event timestamps<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Timing jitter and arrival statistics form the raw entropy source<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The radioactive material is <strong>fixed, non-dispersible, and continuously monitored<\/strong>. External radiation exposure remains comparable to natural background levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Entropy Processing Pipeline<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Event detection<\/strong> (decay triggers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High-resolution timestamp capture<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Raw entropy estimation<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Health monitoring and interference detection<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cryptographic conditioning<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Distribution and visualization<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Entropy rate and quality metrics are continuously computed and logged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operational Safety &amp; Transparency<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operational safety is treated as a first-class design requirement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Radiation levels are continuously monitored<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alpha radiation remains fully contained within the material matrix<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dose rates remain well below public exposure limits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The radioactive material is not accessible during normal operation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Live radiation and entropy health data are publicly visible via the dashboard.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Standards<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The design follows the NIST recommendations for random number generation (SP 800-90 series). The standard defines how a physical entropy source has to be documented, monitored and measured \u2014 we apply it end to end:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Source (SP 800-90B)<\/strong> \u2014 the recorded decay data passes NIST&#8217;s full statistical test battery, measured with their public test suite: 7.9 bits of entropy per event<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conditioning (SP 800-90A)<\/strong> \u2014 a standard HMAC-based generator, checked against all 720 official NIST test vectors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Combination (SP 800-90C)<\/strong> \u2014 built as the standard&#8217;s full-entropy construction: the physical source feeds every output bit, the cryptographic stage is the safety net<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Formal certification by an accredited lab is a planned milestone. Until then, every claim on this page can be reproduced from our recorded raw data with public tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Development Roadmap<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V1 Prototype<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The V1 system demonstrates end-to-end entropy generation, monitoring, and dissemination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Utilization of quantum randomness via radioactive decay<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Single Geiger-M\u00fcller counter<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Measured 7.9 bits of entropy per decay event, verified with NIST&#8217;s public test suite \u2014 350&#8211;400 bit\/s at typical count rates<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Basic health monitoring<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Real time data dissemination<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Public dashboard access<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V1 Architecture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The architecture separates physical sensing, entropy estimation, conditioning, storage, and presentation into independent modules to allow verification and future scaling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"738\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-738x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14223\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-738x1024.png 738w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-216x300.png 216w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-768x1065.png 768w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-1107x1536.png 1107w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-9x12.png 9w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture-700x971.png 700w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/RNG_architecture.png 1162w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Live Dashboard<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The live dashboard exposes the internal state of the system in real time, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Note on the entropy figure: the dashboard multiplies the live event rate by 7.9 bits per event \u2014 the value measured with NIST&#8217;s public test suite on recorded raw data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Event rates (counts per minute)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Estimated entropy rate (bits per second)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Health test status<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long-term stability trends<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" style=\"border: 0px #ffffff none;\" src=\"https:\/\/rng.nolle.engineering\/d\/ef9gqzg0mff28d\/random-number-generator?orgId=1&#038;refresh=1s&#038;kiosk\" name=\"myiFrame\" width=\"100%\" height=\"1800px\" frameborder=\"1\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\" scrolling=\"no\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V2 Operational Unit \u2014 Field-Deployable System<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V2 shall enable quantum effect studies, remotely or in field<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>3 separate Quantum Entropy Modules<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>System entropy rate &gt;= 1 kbit\/s from 3 modules; higher rates possible with stronger source loading<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Radiation and thermal shielding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reference clock assembly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Randomness Correlation Monitor<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tamper-evident recording \u2014 raw data stored on two independent paths, verifiable by cryptographic checksums<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Continuous self-tests watching the health of the source<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ruggedized, portable design<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>battery runtime &gt; 48h<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V2 is designed for <strong>long-term unattended operation<\/strong>, data collection and external integration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Precision timebase.<\/strong> Every decay event is timestamped against three independent references: a rubidium frequency standard, a GPS-disciplined oscillator and a satellite timing receiver, continuously compared with nanosecond resolution. This separates instrument effects from real timing anomalies and keeps the record traceable to UTC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V2 Architecture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6aa402db7ce4a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6aa402db7ce4a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio-1024x579.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16067\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio-1024x579.png 1024w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio-768x434.png 768w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio-700x396.png 700w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/architecture-V2.1.drawio.png 1196w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewbox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">V2 High Level Architecture<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"875\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837-875x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837-875x1024.png 875w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837-256x300.png 256w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837-768x899.png 768w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837-10x12.png 10w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837-700x819.png 700w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quantum_entropy_source_top_assembly-scaled-e1768937339837.png 1156w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 875px) 100vw, 875px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mechanical Layout of portable unit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"605\" src=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-1024x605.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-1024x605.png 1024w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-300x177.png 300w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-768x453.png 768w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-1536x907.png 1536w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-1320x779.png 1320w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308-700x413.png 700w, https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/qe_modul_subassy-scaled-e1768937271308.png 1660w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Single Quantum Entropy Unit<\/figcaption><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scope The Quantum Entropy Source (QES) project explores the generation, measurement, and dissemination of high-quality physical entropy derived from fundamentally unpredictable physical processes. At its core, the project focuses on quantifiable entropy, not merely random-looking numbers. The system continuously measures physical events, estimates entropy in real time, applies cryptographically sound conditioning, and exposes both entropy&#8230; <\/p>\n<div class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/nolle.engineering\/en\/qes\/\">Read More<\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14276,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-14215","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quantum Entropy Source - nolle.engineering<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Quantum entropy source for cryptographic random-number generation. 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